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Computer
fundamental
What is
Computer?
An
Electronic Symbol Manipulating System That Is Design To Accept Automatically
Input Data. Storage And Process Them To Produce Desired Output Step By Step
Under The Instruction Provided By The Stored Program.
COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Hardware:- All the physical components of
computer are called hardware such as monitor, CPU, Mouse.etc.
Software:-The
Collection of instruction or logical components that instruct the hardware to
perform specific task.
User:-A person
operations the computer or writes instructions for the computer system.
Procedures:-The
way of operating computer is called produced.
Data/Information:-The row data under which computer works and produces the user full
information.
Connectivity:-When two or more than two
computer and other peripherals are connected to communicate in the computer
system.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF COMPUTER
Speed :-The Computer is a Very high
speed electronic device. The operations
on the data inside the computer are performed through electronic circuits with high speed that is close to the speed of
light .the speed of computer is usually measure in mega hertz (MHz)or giga
hertz(GHz).
Accuracy:-In
addition to being very fast, computer is also very accurate device. it gives
accurate output result provided that the the correct input data and set of
instructions ate given to the computer.
Reliability:-The
electronic components in modern computer have very low failure rate.
Storage:-A
computer has internal storage (memory) as well as external or secondary storage
which hold large amount of data and
programs for future.
Versatility:-Versatile
means flexible.A Computer can perform different kind of tasks one by one of
simultaneously.
Automatic:-
A Computer can automatically performs operations with out interfering the user
during the operations.
Diligence:- Computer can continually work for long period
with out creating any error.
Consistency:-
people often have difficulty to repeat there task again and again.
Precision:-Computer
not only fast and consistent but they also perform operations very accurately
and precisely.
Arithmetical & logical Operations :- A Computer can perform
arithmetical and logical operations such as addition sub traction,
Multiplication and division, Comparison etc.
Retrieving data & programs :- It is also very important
feature of a computer.
Communication :-Today Computer is a very using
exchange message or data through computer networks all over the world very
quickly.
|
Timeline
|
inventions
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Inventors
|
|
3000
BC
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Abacus
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Chinese
People
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1617
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Napier's
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John
Napier's
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1622
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Slide
Rule
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William
Oughtred
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1642
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Pascaline
or Pascal's calculator
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Blaise
pascal
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1673
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Leibniz's
calculator
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wilhem
Von Leibniz
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1801
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punch
card
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Joseph
Marie Jacquard
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1821
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Difference
Engines
|
Charles
Babbage Father of Computing
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1837
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Analytical
Engine
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Charles
Babbage
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1840
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Bolean
Algebra
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Georga
Boole
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1043
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Machine
Algorithm
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Ada
Lovelace
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1890
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Tabulating
Machine
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Herman
Hollerith
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1904
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Fleming
Valve Or Vaccum Tube Diode
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|John
Ambrose Fleming
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COMPUTER HISTORY
/ DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
1.
BASIC ON
WORKING PRINCIPLE/FUNCTION OR (BASIC
TYPES)
a.
Digital :- the digital computer deal with
discrete quantities such as beads on an abacus or electrical pulses the digital
data computer are the the computer that we program and use.
b.
Analog :-the analog computer deals with continues
physical variables such as electrical voltage or mechanical shaft vocations.
The analog computer are mostly used for process control applications equation
solution etc.
c.
Hybrid:- the computer works in the principles of both analog and digital
computers these types of computer are used in the industrial. Jet plane etc.
2.
Based on size and speed :
a.
Super computer:- super computer is a currently
available in the world. It is are very expensive and employed for specialized
applications that require immense amount of mathematical calculations.
b.
Mainframe:- mainframe was a term originally
referring to the cabinet containing the central processing unit or main frame
of a room filling stone age batch machine.
c.
Mini computer:-it's a mid size computer. In the
paste decade the large mini computers and small main frame computer has
considered same however as the distinction between small mini computers and
work stations.
3.
On basis of brand:-
a.
Ibm computer:-the ibm (international business machine
was established in 1923 by dr. Hermann hollerith.
b.
Apple macintosh computer :- the apple
corporation was established in 1970 ad in usa.
Types
of personal computer
·
Desktop model
·
Note book model
·
Laptop computer
·
Sub note book
computer
·
Hand held
computer
·
Palmtop
·
PDA(personal
digital assistant)
Computer types
and their configuration:
|
Types of computer
|
Number of processor
|
Clock speed
|
User(s)
|
Mips
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Size
|
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Super computer
|
4-16
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>100 mhz
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Multi
|
>500 million
|
Hug
|
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Main frame
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1-4
|
>100 mhz
|
Multi
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>100 million
|
Large
|
|
Mini computer
|
1
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>10 mhz
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Multi
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>10 million
|
Medium
|
|
Micro computer
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1
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>10 mhz
|
Single
|
>1 million
|
Desktop
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Speed:- Mega Hertza (Mhz) Giga Hertza(Ghz)
Accuracy:-computer is also very accurate device.
A.first
microprocessor chips ?
Ø
Intel 4004
B.first time for
computer chips ?
Ø
1975
C.first mini
computer build ?
Ø
1965
D.first digital
computer built with ic chips ?
Ø
IBM system/360
|
3
|
First generation (1946-1958)
The Computer of the first
generation Were physical very large machines because they used vacuum tubes.
Electronic-vacuum tubes
Input –punched cards
Output –paper
Storage –magnetic tape
Example
–univac,ibm-650,702,705,burrougs-220,edvac,edsac,mark-ii,univac-ii etc.
Second generation (1958-1965)
The computer of the second
generation were used transistor.
Electronic-transistor
Input-punched cards
Output-paper
Storage –magnetic core storage
Example –ibm-1400,ibm-7000,control data-3600,general
electric-635, honey well-200,ss-80,ncr-300,cdc-1604,cdc-160 a etc.
Third
generation (1965-1974)
The computer of this were
used solid-state logic microcircuit or integrated circuit (ic).
Electronic circuitry –integrated circuit
Input-punched cards, keyboard
Output-paper, monitor
Storage –magnetic core storage, magnetic tapes
Example –ibm system/360, unvac, 1180, unvac 900 etc.
Fourth generation (1974-1990)
The computer of the fourth
generation are used integrated circuit.
Electronic-integrated circuit (vlsi)
Input- keyboard, mouse, scanner, digitizers.
Output-paper, monitor, plotter, printer
Storage –magnetic disk, optical disk, DVD etc.
Example – ibm system/370, hp-3000, AMD a THELON,
pentium
Fifth generation (1990-preset )
the computer of the fifth generation are used bio
chips.
Computer
architecture
Types of computer device
Input device:-keyboard, mouse etc.
Output device:- speaker, monitor, printer etc.
Input/ output device:- disk drive, CD drive,
Modern etc.
Storage device:- hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape etc.
CPU machine cycle
Fetch- Get an instruction from main memory.
Decode-Translate it on to
computer command.
Execute –Actually process the command.
Store – Write the result to
main memory.
The different
Semiconductor Technologic are follows:
Full
form
§
SSI-(Small scale
Integration)
§
MSI-(Medium scale
Integration)
§
LSI-(Large scale
Integration)
§
VLSI-(Very large
scale Integration)
§
ULSI-(Ultra large
scale Integration)
Affecting factors
for speed of CPU
a.
System clock
rate:-(91 million cycles per second)
b.
Bus width:-bus
8,16, 32, 64or 128 so for
c.
Word size
(length):-processor 8-,16-,32-,64 bigger the number=faster processing
Computer memory
1.
Internal memory
/main memory/ primary memory
2.
External
memory/auxiliary memory/secondary memory
Today commands types
of internal memory media used in are flows:
Magnetic Core memory
Bubble Storage memory
Semiconductor Memory (silicon chip)
Semiconductor Memory (silicon chip)
The
memory basically comes in two forms
1.
ROM (Red only
Memory)
2.
RAM (Random
access memory)
Types of ROM
(Read Only Memory)
-Programmable ROM
(PROM)
-Erasable
Programmable ROM (EPROM)
-Electrically
Alterable PROM (EAPROM)
Other types of
Memories
·
flash memory
·
Shadow RAM
·
cache Memory
·
Virtual Memory
Magnetic Media
·
Floppy Disk
·
Magnetic tape
·
Ls-120 disk
·
Hard Disk
·
Zip drives
Optical Media
·
CD-ROM
·
DVD
Magneto Optical
Media
·
High and Drives
Magnetic Memory
·
Magnetic Memory
·
Floppy disk
·
Hard Disk
·
Thin film Memory
·
Magnetic tape
Elements of Formatted Magnetic Disk
Tracks:-A
track is a circular ring on one side of the disk each track has a unique.
Sectors:-A
disk sector is a wedge-shape piece of the disk. Each sector each numbered.
Clusters-a
cluster is a set of track sectors ranging from 2 to 32 or more.
Cylinders- A
Cylinder is a set of matched tracks.
|
Size & Type
|
Speed
|
Tracks
|
Sector
|
Capacity
|
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5.25" (double
Density)
|
300 rpm
|
40
|
9
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360 KB
|
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5.25" (High
Density)
|
360rpm
|
80
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15
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1.2 KB
|
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3.5(Double
Density)
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300rpm
|
80
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9
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720 KB
|
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3.5"(High
Density)
|
300rpm
|
80
|
18
|
1.44 MB
|
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3.5"(Extra
HD)
|
300rpm
|
80
|
36
|
2.88 MB
|
Size of floppy
Disk
§ 8-Inch floppy Disk
§ 2.25"Inch floppy Disk
§ 3.5 Inch floppy Disk
Some Factors of
Measuring hard disk performance
Ø
Seek time
Ø
Latency
Ø
Access Time
Compact Disk
o
CD-ROM
o
CD-ROM R/W
o
DVD (Digital
Versatile / Video Disk)
Auxiliary Storage
Device
a.
Sequential Access
b.
Random Access
Sequential
Access:-The data stored in the media
can only be read in sequence and to get a particular point on the media.
Magnetic tapes are example of sequential access Media. These sate also called
serial device.
a.
Random
Access:-Disk are random access also
called direst access media because a disk drive can access any point randomly
without passing through interring points E.g. Magnetic disk zip disk etc.
Some Other Concept on Storage Media
a. Mass Storage Device
b. Limited Storage
c. Removable Disk
d. Fixed Disk
Disk Drive
The disk drives are
electromechanical Input output Device.
Storage Media Drive
Letter (Speciation )
Floppy disk A:,B:
Hard Disk C:,D:,E:
CD-ROM F:
MO Drive G:
Networking Drive M:
RAM Disk O:
DATA STORAGE
TECHNOLOGIES OF COMPUTER
|
Paper Technology
|
Paper, Punch card
|
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Magnetic
Technology
|
Magnetic Disk,
Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Core
|
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Optical Technology
|
optical
disk(CD,DVD)
|
|
Magnetic-optical
Technology
|
MO Disk
|
|
Semiconductor
Technology
|
Pen drive, flash
cards, RAM etc.
|
DATAD TYPE STORAGE
a.
Based on
handling
|
Fixed Storage
|
The data storing
media are rigidly fixed within a computer which Can not be easily removed.
for example : Hard Disk
|
|
Removable
Storage
|
The data storing
media can be easily removed from the system. for example : CD, DVD, Pen drive
|
b.
Based on
Data volume
|
Limited storage
|
The storage media
which holds very few amount of data is called limited storage such as floppy
disk , smart cards etc.
|
|
Mass Storage
|
The Mass storage
media which holds huge amount of data is called mass (massive) storage such
as hard disk DVD,CD pen drive etc. (Several MBS.)
|
INPUT DEVICE
The device trough wich can supply any from textual,
audible, visual, Graphic or mechanical data or instruction into the computer
system or the channel through which computer received the data is called input
device. the most popular input devices are as follows:
Keyboard:-The keys are arranged in a similar way to a
typewriter. keyboards usually have the follower. The Most popular main input
device.
·
Keys for the
letter of the alphabetical
·
Keys for
punctuation symbols.
·
Numbered keys or
a numeric keyboard.
·
Function keys
numbered from F1 to F12.
·
Keys which change
the function of other keys, such as shift, caps lock, Alt, and Ctrl.
TYPES OF ALL
INPUT DEVICE:-
§ Mouse
§ graphics table
§ Light pen
§ Optical marks Recognition (or marks sensing)
§ Optical character Recognition (OCR)
§ Magnetic Ink character Recognition (MICR)
§ Sensor
§ Digital Camera
§ Voice recognition
§ Scanner
§ Trackball
§ Joystick
§ Touch screen
§ Bar code reader
§ Magnetic stripe reader
§ Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR)
§ Web camera (web camera)
§ Space Mouse
§ Digital stills Camera
§ Video Digitizer & Audio Digitizer
§ Punch card reader.
§ Point of sale Terminal (POS)
§ Digitizer
§ Touch pad
§ Magnetic Reader
§ Smart cards Reader
§ pedal Mouse
§ Data Glove
§ MIDI Input
§ Sensors
§ Remote control
OUTPUT
DEVICE
The device used for taking out
information from a computer and presenting them in the Desired from to the
user. Generally there are two types of devices (based on output nature).
a.
Softcopy
Output devices:-the output devices
which produce the temporary result to the user is termed as Softcopy output
device such as monitor, speaker etc.
b.
Hard Copy Output
devices:-The output devices which
produced the permanent result (that can be used for future use) to the user is
termed as hardcopy output devices as such as printers, plotters etc.
Printer
The device which has mechanism to
Produced the output on paper is termed as printer.
TYPES OF PRINTER
a.
Impact
printer:-The impact printers transfer
the image onto the paper by some type of printing mechanism striking the Paper
, ribbon and character together similar to a typewriter. The Most common
printer of this type is a dot-matrix printer.
b.
Non-Impact
Printer:- The non-impact printers use a system where
there is no mechanism used to strike a sheet of paper ink is sprayed onto the
paper, or pressure and heat are used to transfer the image to paper.
TYPES OF PRINTER (BASED ON SPEED)
a.
Serial or
character printer
a.
Dot matrix
printer
b.
Daisy wheel
printer
c.
Golf Ball printer